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Claims and documents for HIV transmission by vaccines
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IDYearClaim (red=negative claim, yellow=assumption)QuoteYearTitleAuthorsPMIDFull Text LinkDownloadable LinkNotesRegionDriveDOI
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1.00Background on primate virus spread
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1.011956RSV originated at Walter Reid in the US during chimpanzee vaccine research1956Recovery of Cytopathogenic Agent from Chimpanzees with Coryza.J. A. MORRIS, R. E. BLOUNT, JR. AND R. E. SAVAGE. (Introduced by J. E. Smadel.) Depart went of Virus Diseases, Walter Reed Army Znstitute of Research, Washington, D.C.morris1956 RSV.pdf
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1.021950Scientists injected humans with raw chimpanzee blood in malaria experiments1991Theory Links AIDS to Malaria ExperimentsGina Kolatahttps://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/28/us/theory-links-aids-to-malaria-experiments.html
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1.031950During the 20th century, scientists injected humans with fresh blood from chimps and other primates in malaria experiments, inoculated humans with vaccines containing primate cells, and inseminated women in experiments to create human-chimpanzee hybrids.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanzee
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1.041950In the 20th century viruses with primate origins emerged in humans including: SV40, HIV, RSV, SFV, Monkeypox, Yellow Fever, Zika, Ebola, and MarburgVarious sources. This was a list I asked ChatGPT to compile
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1.05Researchers estimate about 1.67 million unknown viruses. Of these, up to 827,000 might have the potential to infect humans. Only 263 of these viruses have been identified, leaving the effects of the vast majority on humans unknown.2018Global Virome Project is hunting for more than 1 million unknown virusesLaurel Hamershttps://www.sciencenews.org/article/global-virome-project-unknown-virus-outbreakWIV news letter on millions of viruses in Rhesus.pdf
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1.061970Scientists considered it ethical to use orphans, mentally disabled and others they considered subnormal for risky experimentshuman in form but not social potentialDepositionStanley Plotkinhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DFTsd042M3o&ab_channel=LioraPPlotkin Deposition.pdf
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1.071960Research continued on dangerous live vaccines even after the risks were knownhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk
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1.08Randomized double blind placebo control studies, the "Gold Standard" in intervention based studiesShobha Misra https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23188942/
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2.00Wistar OPV Vaccine
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2.011958Early polio vaccines had not properly inactivated the primate viruses and infected humans with primate viruses.
The SV40-contaminated polio vaccines in the US during the 1950s and early 1960s were administered through injection.		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_contamination_with_SV40
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2.021958In the early days of polio vaccine production, some underdeveloped countries used provided 'seed stock' to locally produce vaccineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine_AIDS_hypothesis
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2.031958The BMJ listed the vaccination sites and doses for OPV and no sites in Kinshasa or Western Congo are listedhttps://www.bmj.com/content/2/5090/190/related
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2.041958It was common practice to use local primates to grow the polio vaccine in local faciliatiesseed stocks of vaccines were occasionally transported to distant regions, then standard tissue culture methods[13][14][15] were used to amplify the virus at local production facilities.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine_AIDS_hypothesis
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2.051958OPV vaccine was administered in Kinshasa (Leopoldville) between August 1958 and April 1960 vaccinating nearly all childrenBetween August 1958 and April 1960 nearly all children less than five years old in Leopoldville were orally vaccinated with the CHAT, type 1, attenuated poliovirus strain of Koprowski.1961Vaccination with the CHAT Strain of Type 1 Attenuated Poliomyelitis Virus in Leopoldville, Congo #3Plotkin, Stanley A; Koprowski, Hilaryhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14415050/Africa1960 WHO Stanleyville vaccinatio9n.pdf
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2.061959East Central Africa received a version of Wistar’s CHAT Oral Polio vaccine made in the US from monkeys while the Western areas, particularly Kinshasa, received a local version made from chimpanzees. This is the explanation that aligns the vaccination sites provided in the BMJ with the testimony of the staff in the Origin of AIDS film
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2.071960Dr. Bernice Eddy, an NIH scientist, identified the SV40 virus as a potential cause of cancer in animals. Despite her alarming discovery, her superiors initially disregarded her findings, resulting in her losing her lab and being removed from polio research.https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2000/02/the-virus-and-the-vaccine/377999/
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2.081960In the 1960s in Eastern Tropical Africa, an unusual number of children developed jaw cancer, suspected to be caused by a virus.UNIDENTIFIED, FILTRABLE AGENTS ISOLATED FROM AFRICAN CHILDREN WITH MALIGNANT LYMPHOMASGilbert Dalldorf and Fernanda Bergamini*https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC300059/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC300059/pdf/pnas00176-0119.pdfvirus in Jaw.pdf
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2.091992The Wistar Institute acknowledged there was a possibility their vaccine contained infectious HIV.1992Report from the AIDS/Poliovirus Advisory CommitteeWistar Committehttps://www.bmartin.cc/dissent/documents/AIDS/Wistar92.htmlWistar Committee 1992 report.pdf
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2.101992Hilary Koprowski stated that producing a vaccine free of unwanted primate viruses still remained a possibly “insuperable” challenge as the primate viruses were “innumerable”.
Wistar acknowledged they did not have precise information about what primate types were used in these local productions		high prevalence of lenti-viruses we didn't know much about monkey viruses
There may well be other monkey viruses that have not yet been discovered that could possibly contaminate vaccine lots.
one major European manufacturer has recently gone to using a cell line and is apparently producing a safe and effective live vaccine with this method
other than to try to dissuade you from pursuing that kind of a hypothesis, because what value is it? What value is it to anyone to try to imply such a cause and effect relationship?		1992THE ORIGIN OF AIDS: A STARTLING NEW THEORY ATTEMPTS TO ANSWER THE QUESTION 'WAS IT AN ACT OF GOD OR AN ACT OF MAN?'Tom Curtishttps://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1992/04/05/did-a-polio-vaccine-experiment-unleash-aids-in-africa/0fb7cac2-0b3a-4ec3-8a78-5f032b639bf9/https://documents.uow.edu.au/~bmartin/dissent/documents/AIDS/Curtis92.htmlCurtis_ The Origin of AIDS.pdf
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2.111999Bill Hamilton's last verifiable position on the OPV theory was that it was strongThis theory, rather sadly, has gone from strength to strength. It's not proven by any means, but it's looking very strong.Scientists started Aids epidemic'http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/431167.stm
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2.122008It has been alleged that Michael Worobey has the LMS samplesHamilton, Worobey and Joy set off for Kisangani in early January 2000j
The 400 or more chimps that were used in the polio vaccine research at the LMS and Lindi camp were not just gathered from around Stanleyville/Kisangani (as they claimed), but from right across a region spanning some 200,000 square miles of rain forest, which included areas such as Coquilhatville (now Mbandaka), where there is documentary evidence that Pan troglodytes troglodytes chimps were being collected and sold.
It is true that most of the chimps the LMS scientists used came from the Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii subspecies of common chimpanzee and Pan paniscus (pygmy chimps or bonobos). However, there is documentary evidence that the LMS scientists also used Pan troglodytes troglodytes chimps in their research.
I am reliably informed that in the last year or two he has obtained the remainder of the ancient tissue samples (preserved sometimes in the form of paraffin wax blocks and microscopic slides, and sometimes in formalin, with or without another preservative known as buin) from the basement of what was formerly the Laboratoire Medical de Stanleyville (LMS), which served as the headquarters lab for the CHAT vaccinations in Africa in the late 1950s.		Michael Worobey’s Possession of 1950s Tissue Samples from Stanleyville (Kisangani)http://www.aidsorigins.com/michael-worobeys-possession-of-1950s-tissue-samples-from-stanleyville-kisangani/
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2.132008Michael Worobey has never publicly stated what he retrieved from the LMS basement
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2.142008No test results have been released for the contents of the LMS basement
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2.152014Oral HIV Transmission rate is lowThe Oral Mucosa Immune Environment and Oral Transmission of HIV/SIVLianna F. Wood,1,2,3 Ann Chahroudi,4 Hui-Ling Chen,1,3 Heather B. Jaspan,1,5 and Donald L. Sodora1https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3821196/
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3.00Plasma-based Hepatitis B Development
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3.01Around 100,000 primates were being imported each year1971Comparative virology of primatesS S Kalter and R L Heberlinghttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC378393/,bactrev00075-0087.pdf
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3.02"Challenging" consisted of feeding the children milkshakes containing stool sampleshttps://www.forbes.com/sites/leahrosenbaum/2020/06/12/willowbrook-scandal-hepatitis-experiments-hideous-truths-of-testing-vaccines-on-humans/?sh=6aa1a7ea279c
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3.03Cross-circulation experiments were still conducted in the 1970’s, a technique pioneered by Alfred Prince that involved connecting a human and chimp of the same blood type to mix the blood and let the chimpanzee’s liver clean itA Study of the Incidence of Australia Antigen and Antibody in Nonhuman PrimatesRivers, Shirley L; Keeling, Mhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4993778/rivers1970 cross cirulating blood.pdf
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3.04A care manual was developed to help the chimpanzee recover quickly to be used with the next patient.Care and management of a chimpanzee after cross-circulation with a hepatitis patientM E Keeling, G T Moorehttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4195542/ Care and management of a chimpanzee after cross-circulation with a hepatitis patient
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3.05The first experimental Hepatitis vaccine was developed at Willowbrook by "challenging" them, that is exposing them to fecesIn 1971, Krugman first utilized this knowledge of the relationship of the hepatitis B surface antigen to hepatitis B and prepared a ‘vaccine’ for preventing the disease1983WHOhttps://iris.who.int/handle/10665/60046
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3.061970’s: Many experimental Hepatitis-B vaccines were produced using “plasma pools”. The FDA, CDC, NIH and NIAID are all cited as maintaining plasma pools and/or making vaccines from them. Some may have contained chimpanzee antigen.
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3.07FDA Maintained a plasma pool1978Experimental Hepatitis B Polypeptide Vaccine in ChimpanzeesF. Blaine Hollinger, Gordon R. Dreesman, Yanuario Sanchez, Guy A. Cabral, and Joseph L. Melnick1978 Experimental Polypeptide vaccine in chimps FDA pool.pdf
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3.08Hepatitis can be transmitted from chimpanzees to humansThe effects of viral hepatitis in chimpanzees are similar to those in man and the disease can be transmitted from chimpanzees to humans1972Experimental Infection of Chimpanzees with the Virus of Hepatitis BJAMES E. MAYNARD, KENNETH R. BERQUIST, DONALD H. KRUSHAKmaynard1972 infect chimps.pdf
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3.09Many agencies were keeping pooled plasmaSubtype ayw consisted of serum from serial bleedings from a patient with type B hepatitis; this material had been shown to be infectious for humans and was kindly provided by Dr. Saul Krugman (New York University , New York, N. Y.), who called it the MS-2 strain of HBV.1975Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Chimpanzees: Titration of SubtypesBarker, L. F.; Maynard, J. E.; Purcell, R. H.; Hoofnagle, J. H.; Berquist, K. R.; London, W. T.; Gerety, R. J.; Krushak, D. H.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1185011/https://www.jstor.org/stable/30106196https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/infdis/132.4.451barker1975 lots of plasma sources NIH.pdf10.1093/infdis/132.4.451
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3.10Many Candidate vaccines were made and some only used heat-treatingExperimental Infection of Chimpanzees with the Virus of Hepatitis B
We have also shown the immunological identity between human and chimpanzee HBAg and HBAb		1980Type B Hepatitis: A Review of Current Prospects for a Safe and Effective VaccineMcAuliffe, V. J.; Purcell, R. H.; Gerin, J. L.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6997970/https://academic.oup.com/cid/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/clinids/2.3.470mcauliffe1980 lots of vaccines some only heat trated.pdf10.1093/clinids/2.3.470
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3.11NIAID produced a vaccine1979Summary of an International Workshop on Hepatitis B VaccinesGerety, R. J.; Tabor, E.; Purcell, R. H.; Tyeryar, F. J.https://www.jstor.org/stable/30081857https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/infdis/140.4.642NIAID produced a vaccine and lots of others.pdf10.1093/infdis/140.4.642
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3.12Some used only heat to kill whatever unknown viruses lurked.
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3.13The WHO provided guidelines for the vaccine testing and confirmed that Merck's candidate vaccine consisted of two different but "similar" preparations and that homosexuals and heterosexuals received different preparations. They also acknowledged that chimpanzee antigens are "indistinguishable" from human29 volunteers subsequently challenged
Human HBY has been successfully transmitted to chimpanzees and although the infection is generally mild, the biochemical, histological and serological responses in these primates are very similar to those in humans and antigenic markers of virus replication are antigenically indistinguishable from the homologous antigens and antibodies from man.
The World Health Organisation Expert Committee on Viral Hepatitis has therefore proposed guidelines and criteria for the safe development of hepatitis B vaccines.
The Expert Committee has recommended that the safety of any vaccine preparation must be demonstrated in a small group of healthy adult volunteers before administration to a larger group.
Hilleman et al. 8 conducted a small trial in volunteers using a purified 22 nm preparation treated with formaldehyde.
HB Ag in s individuals with and without pre-existing homologous antibody. Carefully controlled field trials using similar preparations are now in progress in the USA and include various groups at high risk such as patients and staff of haemodialysis units and young male homosexuals9•		1980Unresolved problems in HaemophilaCharles D. Forbes and Gordon D. O. Lowe,https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-011-9764-9https://library.lol/main/BFA143BB97975F1CEE494727CB417271Unresolved problems in Haemophilia.pdf
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3.14The WHO reported challenges getting enough plasma from humans:It is currently not possible to collect and process sufficient quantities of plasma to conduct mass immunization campaigns. Secondly, the production and standardization of vaccines is so expensive that the countries which need them most may not be able to afford them
Sources of donor plasma sufficient to produce large quantities of vaccine for widespread use are disproportionately located in countries which have the least capability for efficient vaccine production for their own use.
pooled plasma with a high titre of hepatitis B surface antigen (often e antigen positive) is required in large quantities from persistent asymptomatic carriers, and each carrier donor cannot be characterized on an individual basis
moderate quantities can be obtained from the plasma of chronic carriers and from the livers of experimentally infected chimpanzees.
In the absence of in vitro cultivation techniques for HBV, final evaluation for infectivity is possible only in susceptible hosts, of which the chimpanzee is the only suitable non-human animal. Lastly, the limited availability of donor plasma and the conditions of manufacture of current hepatitis B vaccines must be considered. Sources of donor plasma sufficient to produce large quantities of vaccine for widespread use are disproportionately located in countries which have the least capability for efficient vaccine production for their own use.
the 22-nm hepatitis B surface antigen particle vaccine has several disadvantages:
- pooled plasma with a high titre of hepatitis B surface antigen (often e antigen-positive) is required in large quantities from persistent asymptomatic carriers, and each
- carrier donor cannot be characterized on an individual basis;
- supplies of suitable plasma may be difficult to secure in the long term;
- which possible extraneous/adventitious agents and other contaminants must be removed;
- the vaccine is very expensive;		1982Viral hepatitisWHO F. DEINHARDT & I. D. GuST, on behalf of the participants in an informal WHO meetinghttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2536038/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2536038/pdf/bullwho00107-0020.pdf1982 WHO chimpanzee source PMC2536038.pdf
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3.15The WHO reported chimpanzees are the only animals that can be infected with human hepatitis, and the different subtypes provide cross-protectionThe infection can be transmitted to certain of the apes, of which the chimpanzee is the only available susceptible animal
Controlled studies in chimpanzees have shown the efficacy of several vaccines in preventing hepatitis B following challenge with human hepatitis B virus. Cross-protection studies carried out in chimpanzees have shown that subtypes are not of major importance in vaccine composition.		1983PROPOSED REQUIREMENTS FOR HEPATITIS B VACCINE PREPARED FROM PLASMAWHOhttps://iris.who.int/handle/10665/60046?search-result=true&query=PROPOSED+REQUIREMENTS+FOR+HEPATITIS+B+VACCINE+PREPARED+FROM+PLASMA&scope=&rpp=10&sort_by=score&order=desc1983 WHO chimpanizee is the only modelWHO-BS-83.1391-Rev.2-eng.pdf
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3.16It was tested in 1975 in humans both adw and ayw provided cross-protectionEarly Clinical Tests in Human Beings The vaccine was considered to be sufficiently well
cross-protection was afforded when chimpanzees were vaccinated with serotype adw vaccine and challenged with ayw vrius and vice versa
The antigen was electrophoresed and, after immunoblotting, was incubated with serial dilutions of chimp or human sera		Hepatitis B Vaccines in Clinical PracticeRonald W Ellis https://books.google.com.br/books?id=xCE9gCOlBpMCHilleman 1975 began injecting.png
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3.17Mid 1970’s: After determining it would not be possible to obtain enough antigens from human blood for mass production of a vaccine, using chimpanzees became the logical solution
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3.18The CDC extracted antigens from chimpanzee plasmaPurification of hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg) from 200 ml of chimpanzee plasma was accomplished1978Purification and partial characterization of hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg)Fields, H A; Bradley, D W; Davis, C L; Maynard, J Ehttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/78902/https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/iai.20.3.792-803.1978https://journals.asm.org/doi/reader/10.1128/iai.20.3.792-803.1978Instructions for purifyingfields1978 CDC instructions for purifying chimpanzee.pdf10.1128/iai.20.3.792-803.1978
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3.19The FDA was also extracting antigens from chimpanzees, not just using the chimpanzees to test human antigensHBsAg, subtype adw, was obtained from the plasma of a chimpanzee chronic carrier
These chimpanzees were born in a US breeding colony (Primate Research Institute, New Mexico State University, Alamogordo, NM; FDA Contract o. 223-77-1004).
Aqueous Polypeptide Vaccine HBsAg, subtype adw, was obtained from the plasma of a chimpanzee		1982lmmunogenicity in Chimpanzees of Experimental Hepatitis B Vaccines Prepared From Intact Hepatitis B Virus, Purified Polypeptides, or Polypeptide MicellesEdward Tabor, Colin R. Howard, Jacinta Skelly, Philip Snoy, Alain Goudeau, Arie J. Zuckerman, and Robert J. Geretyhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7130967/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jmv.1890100109?sid=nlm%3Apubmedhttps://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.1890100109tabor1982 plasma of a chimpanzee.pdf
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3.20The FDA, CDC, NIH and NIAID plus pharma infected chimps with human hepatitis and amassed plasma pools with antigens used in numerous vaccine. They were infecting chimps with all 4 types1975Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Chimpanzees: Titration of SubtypesLewellys F. Barker, James E. Maynard, Robert H. Purcell, Jay H. Hoofnagle, Kenneth R. Berquist, William T. London, Robert J. Gerety and Donald H. Krushak https://www.jstor.org/stable/3010619barker1975.pdf
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3.211976Hilleman reported Lot 559 was tested in chimpanzees but used human plasma.1976Development and chimpanzee testing of a vaccine against human hepatitis BE B Buynak, R R Roehm, A A Tytell, A U Bertland 2nd, G P Lampson, M R Hillemanhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/817293E B Buynak, R R Roehm, A A Tytell, A U Bertland 2nd, G P Lampson, M R HillemanHilleman Chimpanzee.pdf
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3.22more than 200 volunteers received the vaccine prior to the trials in 1978everyone knew that the vaccine had been tested in chimpanzees and in more than two hundred human volunteers.
contamination having been suspected in one vaccine batch made by the National Institutes of Health, though never in Merck's.		1985Quest for the KillersJune Goodfieldhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4684-6743-7Quest for the Killers.pdf
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3.23see 3.26
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3.24Maurice Hilleman explained scientists were unaware of the risks of introducing primate viruses into humans and he didn't know he was bringing the AIDS virus to the USit was good science at the time because that was what you did, you didn't worry about these wild viruses
I brought African greens and I didn't know we were importing AIDS virus at the time
this is in the days of very crude science.
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3.25Merck has never provided a list of all 11 lots and the quantities produced nor the sources of antigen
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3.26Merck tested 11 lots of vaccine on humans. Hilleman does not break down the lot numbers or specify which ones were tested in man except Lot 751 and 559.Seventeen lots of vaccine have been tested in chimpanzees and 11 of these were injected in man without untoward effect. Plasma from hepatitis B carriers.1982Vaccines for the decade of the 1980's and beyondHilleman, Maurice RAn increase in the averqge human lifespan from ancient times to the present is due mainly to control of infectious diseases, and vaccines are a keystone to their prevention. Several important new vaccines should emerge during the present decade, the most important being those against human hepatitis A and B. Disease eradication and elimination by vaccines are worthwhile targets for at least some of the more important diseases and will probably be accomplished during this century. Further increase in Iifespan should be achieved by vaccination in this century but majo~future advances will need to come from slowing the process of ageing.hilleman-1982 11 tested in man.pdf
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3.27Krugman called this serum MS-2. It contained subtype ‘ayw’ and was extensively used.The extensively studied MS-2 serum
MS-2 serum has thus been almost fully characterized. The titer of hepatitis B surface antigen by complement fixation is 1: 512, and the antigen carries the determinants ayw		1974Characterization of MS·2 (Hepatitis B) Semm by Electron MicroscopyKrugman, Saul; Bird, Richard G; Zuckerman, Arie Jhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4443617/https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-abstract/130/4/416/899650krugman1974 MS-2 strain Willowbrook.pdf
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3.28In early 1976 Prince purified adw antigen from 8 liters of chimpanzee plasmaHepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was purified from approximately 8 liters of pooled plasma from a carrier chimpanzee.
HBsAg of the adw subtype was purified from pooled plasma of a carrier chimpanzee previously inoculated with plasma from a chronic carrier chimpanzee.
This study was supported by Public Health Service research contract NIH-NHLI-70-2236B from the National Heart and Lung Institute.		1976Heterogeneity of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen-Associated Particles Isolated from Chimpanzee PlasmaJ. VNEK,* H. IKRAM, AND A. M. PRINCEhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/873613/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC421526/pdf/iai00208-0347.pdfPrince making plasma from chimpanzee.pdf
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3.29Lot 761 was presumably made from the Willowbrook serum. Presumably there was not a large quantity of lot 761 as it is only mentioned being used on medical staff. It was type ayw, and the literature that mentions ayw antigens up to 1976 always state that it was provided by Krugman in his MS-2 serum.
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3.30Lot 751 was made from those 8 liters of plasma Prince purified. His patent expressly states a vaccine was made from those 8 liters, and Merck was the only manufacturer as NYBC only mentions providing antigens and never final vaccines and Merck was the only company that produced a vaccine under Prince's patent. Prince states he purified the antigens in early 1976 and they were type adw. The only lot that fits that description is lot 751 which was Merck made in late 1976 from adw antigens and is the only lot Merck did not specify the source species. Lot 559 was stated as human and contained a mix of types per "Development and Chimpanzee Testing of a Vaccine against Human Hepatitis B". Merck never made another purely adw lot as it seems the human sources were mixed and contained various types, whereas chimpanzees naturally only produce adw, and need to be expressly infected with other subtypes.
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3.311975Purified and inactivated human hepatitis B vaccine: progress reportHilleman, Maurice R.; Buynak, Eugene B.; Roehm, Robert R.; Tytell, Alfred A.; Bertland, Alexander U.; Lampson, George P.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/828833/http://content.wkhealth.com/linkback/openurl?sid=WKPTLP:landingpage&an=00000441-197509000-00025https://sci-hub.se/10.1097/00000441-197509000-00025hilleman1975.pdf10.1097/00000441-197509000-00025
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3.32Human "volunteers" injected since 1942, chimps injected in 1945, and Willowbrook experiments began before 1958 with their children's blood injected in chimpsHAV, HBV) by transmission of both diseases to human volunteers as reported first by Voegt (1942)
Havens and Ward (1945) inoculated chimpanzees with human serum containing HAV.
a more extensive study was conducted in the Belgian Congo in 1957 (Deinhardt
et al., 1962)
Animals were inoculated with a human stool and a serum pool shown to be positive in human volunteers in the
Willowbrook studies and probably containing both HAI’ (MS-1) and HBV (MS-2) (Krugman and Ward, 1958
the first report of transmission of hepatitis from monkey to man was probably the observation of “hepatitislikc disease” in 20-30p of persons receiving yellow fever vaccine containing one of two particular rhesus monkey hyperimmune serum pools, whercas “no postvaccination jaundice was reported among 428 persons vaccinated at the same time in Brazil using other serum pools” (Soper and Smith, 1938), but Hillis’ report of an outbreak of infectious hepatitis among chimpanzee handlers a t a United States Air Force base was the first recognition of the nature and significance of the transmission. During subsequent years a total of 46 small clusters with 220 cases of viral hepatitis in individuals with close contact with nonhuman primates was reported
some chimpanzees involved in early outbreaks had been inoculated with “pooled human blood” immediately after capture in Africa to “protect them against human disease” by passive transfer of antibodies (Hillis, 1961; Held, 1963
HBsAg or anti-HBs present in captive chimpanzees is antigenically indistinguishable from HBsAg or anti-HBs obtained from man (Hirschman et al., 1969; Lichter, 1969; Prince, 1971; Maynard et al., 1971, 1972a
Atchley and Kimbrough (1966) once more attempted to transmit human hepatitis to chimpanzees
chimpanzees were inoculated as soon after capture as possible		1976Hepatitis in Primates. Advances in Virus Research, 113–157. doi:10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60503-5Deinhardt, F.https://sci-hub.ru/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0065352708605035deinhardt1976.pdf
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3.33a wide spectrum of diversity between HIV-1 and SIVcpz, cast doubt on chimpanzees as a natural host and reservoir for HIV-1Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytesFeng Gao, Elizabeth Bailes, David L. Robertson, Yalu Chen, Cynthia M. Rodenburg, Scott F. Michael, Larry B. Cummins, Larry O. Arthur, Martine Peeters, George M. Shaw, Paul M. Sharp & Beatrice H. Hahnhttps://www.nature.com/articles/17130
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4.00Hep-B US Clinical Trials and AIDS Spread
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4.011972Hatians sold blood plasma to the US1972Impoverished Haitians Sell Plasma for Use in the U.S.Richard SeveroHaitians Sell Blood.pdf
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4.02Beginning in 1974 blood samples were collected from 13,000 gay men to pre-screen for the trialParticipants were recruited from approximately 13,000 homosexual men from New York, who were screened for the presence of HBV markers during our baseline studies conducted between 1974 to 19781981A controlled clinical trial of the efficacy of the hepatitis B vaccine (heptavax B): A final reportSzmuness, Wolf; Stevens, Cladd E.; Zang, Edith A.; Harley, Edward J.; Kellner, Aaronhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7030902/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.1840010502https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hep.1840010502Hep B NY Triual.pdf10.1002/hep.1840010502
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4.031977The first estimated seroconversion was in 1977, with heavy infection rates between 1978 and 1981. Table 2 suggests 3 people infected 114previous analysis of subjects in this cohort who seroconverted suggested that the first seroconversions occurred in 1977.'1990Course of HIV-I infection in a cohort of homosexual and bisexual men: an 11 year follow up study.Rutherford, G W; Lifson, A R; Hessol, N A; Darrow, W W; O'Malley, P M; Buchbinder, S P; Barnhart, J L; Bodecker, T W; Cannon, L; Doll, L Shttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1664363/https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.301.6762.1183https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/301/6762/1183.full.pdfObjective-To characterise the natural history of sexually transmitted HIV-I infection in homosexual and bisexual men. Design-Cohort study. Setting-San Francisco municipal sexually transmitted disease clinic. Patients-Cohort included 6705 homosexual and bisexual men originaily recruited from 1978 to 1980 for studies of sexually transmitted hepatitis B. This analysis is of 489 cohort members who were either HIV-I seropositive on entry into the cohort (n=312) or seroconverted during the study period and had -24 months between the dates of their last seronegative and first seropositive specimens (n= 177). A subset of 442 of these men was examined in 1988 or 1989 or had been reported to have developed AIDS. Main outcome measures -Development of clinical signs and symptoms of HIV-I infection, including AIDS, AIDS related complex, asymptomatic generalised lymphadenopathy, and no signs or symptoms of infection. Measurements and main results-Of the 422 men examined in 1988 or 1989 or reported as having AIDS, 341 had been infected from 1977 to 1980; 49% (167) of these men had died of AIDS, 10% (34) were alive with AIDS, 19% (65) had AIDS related complex, 3% (10) had asymptomatic generalised lymphadenopathy, and 19% (34) had no clinical signs or symptoms of HIV-I infection. Cumulative risk of AIDS by duration of HIV-I infection was analysed for all 489 men by the Kaplan-Meier method. Of these 489 men, 226 (46%) had been diagnosed as having AIDS. We estimated that 13% of cohort members will have developed AIDS within five years of seroconversion, 51% within 10 years, and 54% within 11-1 years. Conclusion-Our analysis confirming the importance of duration of infection to clinical state and the high risk of AIDS after infection underscores the importance of continuing efforts both to prevent transmission of HIV-I and to develop further treatments to slow or stall the progression of HIV-I infection to AIDS.San Francisco Trial.pdf10.1136/bmj.301.6762.1183
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4.04Prince's patent states that vaccine example #1 was made from 7.8 liters of chimpanzee plasma containing antigen type adwEXAMPLE 1: PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HB ASSOCIATED PARTICLES FROM 7.8 LITERS OF PLASMA FROM A SINGLE HBsAg CARRIER CHIMPANZEE.https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/02/93/2f/d20cd113924fa6/US4118478.pdfHepatitis B vaccine patent.pdf
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4.05One lot (no. 751) of the Merck vaccine, consisting of HBsAg, subtype adw with alum adjuvant, has been extensively studied in human volunteers
Two lots of the Merck vaccine, both in alum formulation, are being used: one of sub-type adw (no. 751) in the homosexual trial, and another of subtype ayw (no. 761) in the dialysis trial.		1979Large-scale efficacy trials of hepatitis B vaccines in the USA: Baseline data and protocolsSzmuness, Wolfhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/541683/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmv.1890040411The protocols of three placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind clinical trials to assess the efficacy of an inactivated hepatitis B vaccine in dialysis patients and staff, and in male homosexuals are described. Based on the projected attack rates of HBV in the controls, the vaccine efficacy and rates of loss to follow-up, over three thousand participants followed for at least twelve months are required to prove the efficacy of the vaccine. The results of longterm baseline studies in these populations are also reviewed.Szmuness_1979_ clean hepb trials.pdf10.1002/jmv.1890040411
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4.061978The New York trials began in 1978The first participant was inoculated in November 1978,1980Demonstration of Efficacy in a Controlled Clinical Trial in a High-Risk Population in the United StatesWOLF SZMUNESS, M.D., CLADD E. STEVENS, M.D., EDWARD J. HARLEY, M.S., EDITH A. ZANG, PH.D., WILLIAM R. OLESZKO, PH D., DANIEL C. WILLIAM, M.D., RICHARD SADOVSKY, M.D., JOHN M. MORRISON, AND AARON KELLNER, M.D.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6997738/https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM198010093031501https://sci-hub.se/https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM198010093031501szmuness1980.pdf
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4.071980The formal clinical trial began in San Francisco:359 hepatitis B virus seronegative men were randomized into a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which half the participants received Merck hepatitis B virus vaccine and half received a placebo vaccine
In October 1981 the treatment and placebo codes were broken when efficacy was proven, and those men originally assigned to the placebo group who had not developed hepatitis B were offered vaccination between October 1981 and May 1982.		1989Prevalence, incidence, and progression of human immunodeficiency virus infection in homosexual and bisexual men in hepatitis B vaccine trials, 1978-1988Hessol, Nancy A.; Lifson, Alan R.; O'Malley, Paul M.; Doll, Lynda S.; Jaffe, Harold W.; Rutherford, George W.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2531543/https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/79828/PREVALENCE,https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115445hessol1989 0.3 with peak not test placebo.pdf10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115445
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4.08In addition to San Francisco the CDC mentions trials in Los Angeles, Chicago, Denver, and St. Louis, but no details were provided such as HIV infection rates. They all used Lot 751. We only have complete data for New York and San Francisco.among 1402 homosexual men attending venereal disease clinics in five American cities: San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago, Denver, St. Louis1982The Prevention of Hepatitis B with Vaccine: Report of the Centers for Disease Control Multi-Center Efficacy Trial Among Homosexual MenFrancis, Donald P.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6810736/http://annals.org/article.aspx?doi=10.7326/0003-4819-97-3-362https://sci-hub.se/https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/epdf/10.7326/0003-4819-97-3-362francis1982 CDC trial in 5 cities .pdf10.7326/0003-4819-97-3-362
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4.091982After the trial ended in 1982 roughly 30% of total participants were HIV+ increasing to 40% by 19841986Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type Hi Infection in a Cohort of Homosexual Men in New York CityStevens, Cladd E; Taylor, Patricia E; Zang, Edith A; Morrison, John M; Harley, Edward J; de Cordoba, Santiago Rodriguez; Bacino, Carlos; Ting, Robert C Y; Bodner, Anne J; Sarngadharan, M G; Gallo, Robert C; Rubinstein, Pablohttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3007789/New York Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type III Infection in a Cohort of Homosexual Men in New York City.pdf
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4.101983March 12, 1983: Officials confirmed that 2 trial participants had contracted AIDS and both had received vaccine, not placebo, but argued a rate of 2 per 1,000 was not alarming or unexpected.
All US Heptavax trials were conducted on the gay population through gay community centers. The New York trial had 1,083 participants, 549 received Heptavax lot 751 between Nov 1978 and May 1980, 534 placebo of which 270 were vaccinated in Feb 1981 and 264 (24%) remained unvaccinated.		No increased incidence of AIDS in recipients of hepatitis B vaccineJ A Goldenhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6835342https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM198305123081914https://sci-hub.se/https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM198305123081914no-increased-incidence-of-aids-in-recipients-of-hepatitis-b-vacc-1983.pdf10.1056/NEJM198305123081914
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4.111983March 20, 1983: Scientists isolated HIVhttps://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.6189183
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4.121983Doctors were reluctant to administer the vaccine over AIDS fearshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pn2FcxGdYLA
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4.131983We know the SF trial had 359 participant, half receive vaccine April 1980 to July 1981 and about half the placebo group was vaccinated between October 1981 to May 1982. of those 359, 320 had archived blood samples and 158 were HIV+ and 162 were HIV-Although these vaccine cohort members were recruited from sexually transmitted disease clinics, they represent lower-risk since none of the cohort members were seropositive for hepatitis B virus at time of recruitment.1990Projections of AIDS Morbidity and Mortality in San FranciscoRutherford, W; Hessol, A; Winkelstein, Warren; Moss, Andrew R; Chen, Robert T; Thomas, Pauline Ahttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2407871/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/vol/263/pg/1497https://sci-hub.se/10.1001/jama.1990.03440110063029lemp1990 San Francisco analysis.pdf
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4.141983Similarly in the Washington Post the explosive rate of HIV transmission during the trial is cited with no mention of the placebo rate.
Most information comes from the San Francisco trial because the San Francisco Health Department explained they had access to the CDC data, that it was a gold-mine explaining the origin of AIDS, that the trial strongly correlated with AIDS cases, and that 70% of participants were infected		https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/02/01/map-of-aids-deadly-march-evolves-from-hepatitis-study/47cd206c-c8d9-4082-896f-a075e53bd221/
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4.151983The only paper I could find that mentions placebo vs vaccine is the Stephen C. Hadler from the CDC, with Paul O’Malley as a co-author. It analyzes the 1,400 (actually 1,402) participants in the CDC’s 5 city trial. It doesn’t include the New York trial. It does not state how many were in the placebo group, though the papers state “half”, and in the SF and NY trials approximately half the placebo group accepted the vaccine. Thus there are likely approximately 350 unvaccinated placebo recipients. This paper looks at the 148 of them who contracted Hepatitis B, the STD the trial was to prevent. Thus it is logical that this 148 are more promiscuous than the other ~200 who did not contract the STD. Table 1 shows that of those unvaccinated trial participants who later presented with Hepatitis B, 134 were HIV- vs 14 HIV+. That is the 9% rate. Figure 1 provides the numbers in the 1991 Hadler Data sheet. The paper does mention that among the vaccinated the HIV infection rate was 105 vs 64, over 4x the rate of the unvaccinated. While these numbers align with the overall published rates, the vaccinated vs unvaccinated in this paper cannot be directly compared since the vaccinated presumably had a lower rate of Hepatitis B infection.1991Outcome of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Homosexual Men and Its Relation to Prior Human Immunodeficiency Virus InfectionHadler, S. C.; Judson, F. N.; O'Malley, P. M.; Altman, N. L.; Penley, K.; Buchbinder, S.; Schable, C. A.; Coleman, P. J.; Ostrow, D. N.; Francis, D. R.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1825315/https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/infdis/163.3.454https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/163.3.454hadler1991 outcome of hep b trial.pdf10.1093/infdis/163.3.454
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4.161983The CDC only published the partial rates in the 1991 Hadler paper
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4.171984When discussing the ‘conspiracy theory’ that the vaccines transmitted HIV, Paul O’Malley stated “we could clearly show that people were infected with HIV in '78, '79, before the first gay men had received the hepatitis vaccination”. But that is not true as the first volunteers were vaccinated in 1976 and the formal clinical trials in New York had already begun. He also said “we clearly showed that the prevalence of HIV was actually less in the men in the vaccine trial than in the larger population” but that was only by comparing the high-risk group to the low-risk in 1984 after their rates had caught up. When the trial ended the rate was highest among the vaccinated.
Most information comes from the San Francisco trial because the San Francisco Health Department explained they had access to the CDC data, that it was a gold-mine explaining the origin of AIDS, that the trial strongly correlated with AIDS cases, and that 70% of participants were infected		https://oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt30000449OMalley SF summary.pdf
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4.181984In his NY Times interview Paul O’Malley again does not address the placebo rate nor that the rate was highest among the vaccinated when the trial ended.https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/17/science/10-years-later-hepatitis-study-still-yields-critical-data-on-aids.html
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4.191984Paul O’Malley from the SFHD provided detailed information, but stopped short of stating the placebo ratethe rate of AIDS for HB vaccine recipients in CDC vaccine trials among homosexually active men in Denver and San Francisco does not differ from that for men screened for possible participation in the trials but who received no HB vaccine because they were found immune to HBhttps://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000449.htm
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4.201984The CDC refuted HIV contamination of Lot 751 by comparing vaccine recipients to those excluded from the trial due to prior STD history, and compared the rates including 1983 and 1984 when no vaccine was given1984Current Trends Hepatitis B Vaccine: Evidence Confirming Lack of AIDS TransmissionCDCCDC Lack of Hep B transmission.pdf
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4.21Gaeton Dugas’s role as patient zero has been debunked.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%ABtan_Dugas
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4.22People were afraid the vaccine transmitted HIVmany individuals have been reluctant to be immunized for fear of contracting acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In this study, we demonstrate that (1) each of the three inactivation steps used in the manufacture of Heptavax-B independently will inactivate the infectivity of high-titered preparations of the AIDS virus; (2) recipients of the hepatitis B vaccine do not develop antibodies to the AIDS virus; (3) the hepatitis B vaccine does not contain detectable levels of nucleic acids related to the AIDS virus.
hepatitis B vaccine pools 73304 through 73307,		1986The Safety of the Hepatitis B Vaccine Inactivation of the AIDS Virus During Routine Vaccine ManufactureDonald P. Francis, MD; Paul M. Feorino, PhD; Steven McDougal, MD; Donna Warfield; Jane Getchell, PhD; Cy Cabradilla, PhD; Myron Tong, MD; William J. Miller, MS; Loren D. Schultz, PhD; Fred J. Bailey; William J. McAleer, PhD; Edward M. Scolnick, MD; Ronald W. Ellis, PhDhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3016352/#:~:text=In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20demonstrate,hepatitis%20B%20vaccine%20does%20nothttps://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/vol/256/pg/869https://sci-hub.se/10.1001/jama.1986.03380070075022Francis 1986 safe.pdf
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4.231987During the 1980's many became HIV+ with no apparent risk factorsThrough Sept 30,1987, two thousand fifty-nine patients with acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and no recognized risk factors were reported to the Centers for Disease Control.1988Investigations of AIDS Patients With No Previously Identified Risk FactorsKenneth G. Castro, MD; Alan R. Lifson, MD, MPH; Carol R. White, MT; Timothy J. Bush; Mary E. Chamberland, MD, MPH; Anastasia M. Lekatsas; Harold W. Jaffe, MDcastro1988 aids no risk factor.pdf
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4.241989Fauci and other officials were working on an HIV vaccine1989Development and Evaluation of a Vaccine for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) InfectionFauci, Anthony S.http://annals.org/article.aspx?doi=10.7326/0003-4819-110-5-373fauci1989 Purcell worked together on HIV vaccine.pdf10.7326/0003-4819-110-5-373
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4.25The Dutch trial used only heat treatment to inactivate viruses1983Efficacy of a heat inactivated hepatitis B vaccine in male homosexuals: outcome of a placebo controlled double blind trial.Coutinho, R A; Lelie, N; Albrecht-Van Lent, P; Reerink-Brongers, E E; Stoutjesdijk, L; Dees, P; Nivard, J; Huisman, J; Reesink, H Whttps://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.286.6374.1305The efficacy of a heat inactivated hepatitis B virus vaccine, containing 3 vg hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), was studied in a high risk group of 800 susceptible homosexual men by a randomised placebo controlled double blind trial. At the trial end point (215 months), 17 hepatitis B virus infections had occurred in vaccinated subjects (attack rate 4 8%) and 56 in subjects receiving a placebo (attack rate 23-8%). This reduction in the incidence of hepatitis B virus infections in vaccinated subjects was highly significant (p <0 0001). Two months after the first injection 72-3% of the vaccinated subjects had formed antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen, and this percentage increased to 89% at four months. Maximum anti-HBs titres were reached five months after the first vaccination, the geometric mean titre being 107 6 mIUJ. Even vaccinated subjects with a low antibody response ( > 1 and <10 mIU) were found to be protected from HBsAgpositive infections. The vaccine had no serious side effects.Amsterdam trialbmj.286.6374.1305.pdf10.1136/bmj.286.6374.1305
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4.26In the interview Dr. Prince appears to be discussing using the chimps for testing a vaccine rather than using their blood in the vaccine as is expressly stated in the patent [4.04]. However, he mentions 200 chimps having been used, and that is far more than is described in the literature were used for testing lots. Further, Dr. Prince pioneered the 'cross-circulation' experiments injecting raw, unprocessed chimp blood in humans so he clearly was not worried about chimp viruses causing harm [3.03], and it seems he likely did not want to expressly state that vaccine recipients were receiving chimp blood, even though he provided a clear paper trail that the 'adw' antigens in Lot 751 were the 8 liters he extracted in 1976 [3.28] and used described as vaccine #1 in his patent.Given the prevalence of hepatitis B - there are an estimated 200 million carriers in the world - it is difficult to say that chimps should not have been used in the development of a vaccine.
''Hepatitis for a chimp is like a glass of water,'' said Dr. Muchmore. ''They don't get sick. In a way, this testing is a way the chimps pay their dues to a society that is saving them from extinction.'
'These studies made possible the testing of a hepatitis B vaccine in man within 10 years of the discovery of a hepatitis B surface antigen - a truly remarkable achievement.''		1982ENDANGERED CHIMPS IN THE LABEugene Lindenhttps://www.nytimes.com/1982/12/19/magazine/endangered-chimps-in-the-lab.html
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4.27prepared a purified HBsAg vaccine of subtype ayw from a unit of blood supplied by Dr. Krugman from a chronic HBsAg carrier at the Willowbrook State School.1978Hepatitis B Vaccines: A Status ReportPurcell, Robert H1978 Hepatitis B Vaccines A Status Report many types.pdf
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4.28During early hepatitis B studies, chimpanzee sera were found to possess hepatitis B surface antigen (HBS Ag) or antibody only of subtype adw under natural conditions.1974Viral Subtypes and Cross-Protection in Hepatitis B Virus Infections of ChimpanzeesBert L. M urphy, J ames E. Maynard and G eorge L. Le Bouvierhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4140852/murphy1974 adw ayw.pdf
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4.29HIV was isolated on May 20, 1983Isolation of a T-Lymphotropic Retrovirus from a Patient at Risk for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)F. BARRÉ-SINOUSSI, J. C. CHERMANN, F. REY, M. T. NUGEYRE, [...], AND L. MONTAGNIERhttps://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.6189183
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4.3019871987MAP OF AIDS' DEADLY MARCH EVOLVES FROM HEPATITIS STUDYCristine Russellhttps://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/02/01/map-of-aids-deadly-march-evolves-from-hepatitis-study/47cd206c-c8d9-4082-896f-a075e53bd221/
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4.311976Advances in viral hepatitisWHOhttps://iris.who.int/handle/10665/41223
1976 WHO_TRS_602.pdf
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4.321985Formalin at 0.10% was found to reduce reverse transcriptase activity, but complete inactivation was not achievedafter 2 hr of exposure. Disinfection and inactivation of the human T lymphotropic virus type III/Lymphadenopathy-associated virusL S Martin, J S McDougal, S L Loskoskihttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2993438/https://sci-hub.se/10.1093/infdis/152.2.400martin1985.pdf
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5.00Hep-B Other trials
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5.01In 1979 126 children received Lot 7511978A preliminary study on hepatitis B vaccineTao Chi-min Huang Ta-you Feng Pai-fang '/Sj’g Tj, Wu Ching-hsin Liu Yu-chen Li Hsin-fu and Wang Chin-chihttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/95926/Chinatao-et-al-2021-a-preliminary-study-on-hepatitis-b-vaccine.pdf
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5.02TaiwanImmunogenicity of HBV vaccine in healthy Chinese childrenLu-Yu Hwang*, R. Palmer Beasley*, Ciadd E. Stevenst and the late Wolf Szmunesshwang1983 lot 751.pdf
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5.03The vaccine was used in a short trial in Eastern China1993A 9-Year Follow-Up Study of the Immunogenicity and Long-Term Efficacy of Plasma-Derived Hepatitis B Vaccine in High-Risk Chinese NeonatesLieming, D.; Mintai, Z.; Yinfu, W.; Shaochon, Z.; Weiqin, K.; Smego, R. A.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8218692https://www.jstor.org/stable/4457325https://academic.oup.com/cid/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/clinids/17.3.47510.1093/clinids/17.3.475
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5.0419952006Correlates of HIV infection among former blood/plasma donors in rural ChinaJi, Guoping; Detels, Roger; Wu, Zunyou; Yin, Yuepinghttps://journals.lww.com/00002030-200602280-00012Background: In 1995, when the first cases of HIV infection were reported among former plasma donors (FPDs), the Chinese government closed all commercial plasma collection stations. Objective: To determine the prevalence of HIV among FPDs and non-donors in affected villages in Anhui, China. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among residents, aged 25–55 years, in 40 villages randomly selected from villages with many former blood/plasma donors, using a two-stage clustered sampling method. A questionnaire was administered faceto-face to 1997 villagers without collecting any identifying information, and venous blood specimens were collected for HIV testing with two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and western blotting. EpiData was used for data entry, and STATA was used for data analysis. Results: Overall HIV prevalence was 10.8%, with values of 15.1% among FPDs and 4.8% among non-donors. Among FPDs, factors associated with HIV infection included: donating plasma more than 10 times [odds ratio (OR) 4.09; P < 0.001] compared with subjects who donated 1–3 times; spouse being HIV-positive (OR, 4.06; P ¼ 0.001); and being male (OR, 2.04; P ¼ 0.011). Condom use was rare, and was not associated with HIV infection (OR, 1.09; P ¼ 0.872). Among non-plasma donors, spouse being HIVpositive (OR, 11.07, P < 0.001) and having multiple sexual partners (OR, 7.04; P ¼ 0.006) were associated with HIV infection. Conclusions: The prevalence of HIV infection is high among rural residents in villages with former commercial plasma businesses. Plasma but not blood donations were associated with HIV infection. The HIV/AIDS epidemic has spread to non-donors primarily through sexual transmission. HIV/AIDS education, testing, and condoms should be promoted urgently to prevent further transmission.ChinaChina 1995 outbreak.pdf10.1097/01.aids.0000210613.45212.c4